Monday, May 31, 2010

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ScienceDaily: Latest Science News

ScienceDaily: Latest Science News


New skeletons from the age of dinosaurs answer century-old questions about prehistoric reptile Typothorax

Posted: 31 May 2010 08:00 AM PDT

More than 100 years ago, paleontologist E. D. Cope of "Dinosaur Wars" fame found a few fragmentary bones of a reptile in the deserts of New Mexico. He named the reptile Typothorax. A century later, Typothorax -- which belongs to a group of reptiles called aetosaurs -- remained something of a mystery, known mainly from pieces of armor, a few limb bones, and some sections of tail. Now, thanks to two remarkably complete skeletons, paleontologists are finally revealing what Typothorax really looked like.

Natural self-repair mechanisms that kick in after spinal cord injury identified

Posted: 31 May 2010 08:00 AM PDT

University of Alberta researchers have identified one of the body's natural self-repair mechanisms that kick in after spinal cord injury which could lead to the development of more effective treatments.

Air traffic poised to become a major factor in global warming, scientists predict

Posted: 31 May 2010 08:00 AM PDT

The first new projections of future aircraft emissions in 10 years predict that carbon dioxide and other gases from air traffic will become a significant source of global warming as they double or triple by 2050.

Surgery outperforms drug therapy in treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, research finds

Posted: 31 May 2010 08:00 AM PDT

A 17-year-long community study looking at symptoms of enlarged prostate in over 2,000 men age 40 to 79 years suggests that surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia offers more relief from incontinence and obstruction symptoms than treatment from drug-based therapy, according to a new study.

Reforestation may lower the climate change mitigation potential of forests

Posted: 31 May 2010 08:00 AM PDT

Scientists in the U.S. and China have found that reforestation and afforestation -- the creation of new forests -- may lower the potential of forests for climate change lessening.

Genetic makeup of Hispanic/Latino Americans influenced by Native American, European and African-American ancestries

Posted: 31 May 2010 08:00 AM PDT

A new study finds that the imprint of European colonialism and imperialism is evident in the genetic makeup of today's Hispanic/Latino American populations. Scientists discovered that Europeans, Native Americans, as well as West Africans brought to the US and Latin America by the trans-Atlantic slave trade, have influenced the genes of the current Hispanic/Latino populations. However, a large variation in genes among individuals within each population were still found to exist.

Acupuncture's molecular effects pinned down: New insights spur effort to boost treatment's impact significantly

Posted: 31 May 2010 05:00 AM PDT

Scientists have identified the molecule adenosine as a central player in parlaying some of the effects of acupuncture in the body. Building on that knowledge, scientists were able to triple the beneficial effects of acupuncture in mice by adding a medication approved to treat leukemia in people.

Faulty gene stops cell 'antennae' from transmitting

Posted: 31 May 2010 05:00 AM PDT

Researchers have identified the genetic cause of an inherited condition that causes severe fetal abnormalities. The work should allow couples at risk of conceiving babies with the profoundly disabling Meckel-Gruber and Joubert syndromes to be identified beforehand through genetic screening.

NASA's airborne infrared observatory sees 'first light'

Posted: 31 May 2010 05:00 AM PDT

The Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), a joint program by NASA and the German Aerospace Center, achieved a major milestone May 26, with its first in-flight night observations.

Circulating tumor cells correlate with poorer survival in pancreatic cancer patients

Posted: 31 May 2010 05:00 AM PDT

Researchers have found that pancreatic cancer patients who have circulating tumor cells tend to have worse outcomes than patients without circulating tumor cells. Additionally, the team has uncovered evidence that not all circulating tumor cells are the same, and some may predict worse outcomes than others.

NOAA expects busy Atlantic hurricane season

Posted: 31 May 2010 05:00 AM PDT

An "active to extremely active" hurricane season is expected for the Atlantic Basin this year according to the seasonal outlook issued by NOAA's Climate Prediction Center -- a division of the National Weather Service. As with every hurricane season, this outlook underscores the importance of having a hurricane preparedness plan in place.

Community conditions related to malnutrition deaths among older adults

Posted: 31 May 2010 05:00 AM PDT

In a new study, researchers tackle a problem seldom acknowledged in the United States -- the incidence of malnutrition-related deaths among older adults.

From butterflies' wings to bank notes: How nature's colors could cut bank fraud

Posted: 31 May 2010 02:00 AM PDT

Scientists have discovered a way of mimicking the stunningly bright and beautiful colors found on the wings of tropical butterflies. The findings could have important applications in the security printing industry, helping to make bank notes and credit cards harder to forge.

MRI research highlights high-risk atherosclerotic plaque hidden in the vessel wall

Posted: 31 May 2010 02:00 AM PDT

Researchers have shown that use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an animal model can noninvasively identify dangerous plaques. The findings offer possible applications in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with atherosclerosis.

Researchers develop test to identify 'best' sperm

Posted: 31 May 2010 02:00 AM PDT

Researchers have discovered a method to select sperm with the highest DNA integrity in a bid to improve male fertility. The method is comparable to that of the egg's natural selection abilities, according to their study.

Predicting severity of breast cancer

Posted: 31 May 2010 02:00 AM PDT

Researchers have identified a biomarker in patient blood which can predict the severity of breast cancer in patients and may enable clinicians to track patients throughout the course of their treatment.

NOAA predicts below normal Eastern Pacific hurricane season

Posted: 31 May 2010 02:00 AM PDT

NOAA's National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center has announced that projected climate conditions point to a below normal hurricane season in the Eastern Pacific this year. The outlook calls for a 75 percent probability of a below normal season, a 20 percent probability of a near normal season and a five percent probability of an above normal season.

New technology will make election voting more efficient

Posted: 31 May 2010 02:00 AM PDT

Did you stay up all night to hear your local result during the recent election? Time-consuming manual vote-counts and ballot boxes could soon be consigned to the history books, thanks to innovative new secure voting technology.

How whales have changed over 35 million years

Posted: 30 May 2010 11:00 PM PDT

Evolutionary biologists have looked back 35 million years to provide the first test of why whales show such rich diversity. Species diversification and body size of whales were established early in their evolution.

Genes associated with throat cancer found through study of over 10,000 subjects

Posted: 30 May 2010 11:00 PM PDT

Scientists from Singapore, China and USA have identified three new susceptibility genes in a genome-wide association study of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The study advances understanding of the important role of host genetic variation in influencing susceptibility to NPC.

Spawning habitat of bluefin tuna in Gulf of Mexico: Critical area intersects Deepwater Horizon oil spill

Posted: 30 May 2010 11:00 PM PDT

Electronic tagging and fisheries catch data have revealed pronounced differences in preferred habitat of Atlantic bluefin tuna and yellowfin tuna in the Gulf of Mexico, despite their close ancestry, according to a new study. Bluefin tuna return to the same regions of the Gulf of Mexico during spring months to spawn. Yellowfin tuna are more widely distributed throughout the warm Gulf waters and occupy the region throughout the year.

Comparison of overall survival for non-small cell lung cancer patients

Posted: 30 May 2010 11:00 PM PDT

Patients with early stages of NSCLC are typically treated with surgery, but those with stage IIIA present more of a challenge because they are such a diverse group. However, new research shows that patient's with stage IIIA NSCLC who receive surgery, lobectomy in particular, have increased overall survival compared to those who received chemoradiation alone -- those receiving lobectomy plus chemoradation had survival rates that were higher than previously reported as well.

NOAA expands fishing closed area in Gulf of Mexico; approximately 75 percent of Gulf still open for fishing

Posted: 30 May 2010 11:00 PM PDT

NOAA has extended the closed fishing area in the Gulf of Mexico to include a large area of oil sheen patches crossing the eastern edge of the current boundary, as well as an area currently outside the southern boundary which a small portion of the sheen is moving toward.

Consent forms for research: Have they improved in 25 years?

Posted: 30 May 2010 11:00 PM PDT

Consent forms that people sign before participating in research are widely considered difficult to understand and sometimes inaccurate. Lack of clarity was implicated in a high-profile legal settlement in April between Arizona State University and a Native American tribe, which claimed that blood samples that its members provided for genetic research were used for purposes not stated in the consent form. Efforts have been made to improve the forms, but how effective are they?

Liquid method: pure graphene production

Posted: 29 May 2010 09:00 PM PDT

Researchers have unveiled a new method for producing bulk quantities of pure, one-atom-thick sheets of carbon called graphene. The research could lead to novel, flexible electronics, carbon composites and touch-screen displays.

Sunday, May 30, 2010

ScienceDaily: Latest Science News

ScienceDaily: Latest Science News


New horned dinosaur: Two-ton plant-eater lived 78 million years ago in Montana

Posted: 30 May 2010 02:00 PM PDT

A new horned dinosaur, Medusaceratops lokii, has been discovered. Approximately 20 feet long and weighing more than 2 tons, the newly identified plant-eating dinosaur lived nearly 78 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period in what is now Montana. Its identification marks the discovery of a new genus of horned dinosaur.

New source of stem cells form heart muscle cells, repair damage

Posted: 30 May 2010 02:00 PM PDT

A new and noncontroversial source of stem cells can form heart muscle cells and help repair heart damage, according to results of preliminary lab tests.

Genetically modified rats produced using novel sperm stem-cell technique

Posted: 30 May 2010 02:00 PM PDT

For two decades, the laboratory mouse has been the workhorse of biomedical studies and the only mammal whose genes scientists could effectively and reliably manipulate to study human diseases and conditions.

Understanding the relationship between bacteria and obesity

Posted: 30 May 2010 02:00 PM PDT

Research sheds new light on the role bacteria in the digestive tract may play in obesity. The studies paint a picture that may be more complex than originally thought.

Clocks in the Americas and the Caribbean Islands now ticking in unison

Posted: 30 May 2010 02:00 PM PDT

Clocks in the Americas and the Caribbean Islands are now ticking in unison thanks to the work of the Sistema Interamericano de Metrologia (SIM), a regional metrology organization that works to promote accurate measurements throughout the Americas.

Consumers: Why do you like what I like, but I don't like what you like?

Posted: 30 May 2010 02:00 PM PDT

When we like a product, do we think others will like it, too? And when we believe others like a product, do we like it as well? A new study says these two questions are fundamentally different.

Coastal birds carry toxic ocean metals inland

Posted: 30 May 2010 08:00 AM PDT

Biologists has found that potent metals like mercury and lead, ingested by Arctic seabirds feeding in the ocean, end up in the sediment of polar ponds.

Those with allergic asthma face double trouble during flu season, findings suggest

Posted: 30 May 2010 08:00 AM PDT

New research suggests that allergic reactions to pet dander, dust mites and mold may prevent people with allergic asthma from generating a healthy immune response to respiratory viruses such as influenza.

New explaination of how certain cancers develop

Posted: 30 May 2010 08:00 AM PDT

Researchers have discovered a new interaction between a cell signaling system and a specific gene that may be the cause of B-cell lymphoma. The finding suggests a similar interaction could be occurring during the development of other types of cancer, leading to further understanding of how cancer works -- and how it might be stopped.

How RNA viruses copy themselves: Hijack cellular enzyme to create viral replication factories on cell membranes

Posted: 30 May 2010 08:00 AM PDT

Researchers have made a significant new discovery about RNA (ribonucleic acid) viruses and how they replicate themselves. Certain RNA viruses -- poliovirus, hepatitis C virus and coxsackievirus -- and possibly many other families of viruses copy themselves by seizing an enzyme from their host cell to create replication factories enriched in a specific lipid. The scientists have uncovered that certain RNA viruses take control of a cellular enzyme to design a replication compartment on the cell's membrane filled with PI4P lipids. Those lipids, in turn, allow the RNA viruses to attract and stimulate the enzymes they need for replication.

Underwater robot sent to study Deepwater Horizon spill

Posted: 30 May 2010 08:00 AM PDT

A high-tech robotic submersible has been sent to the oily waters of the Gulf of Mexico. The goal is to collect information about the oil plume from the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig accident for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Buyer beware: Consumers in conflict may become victims to unwanted influence

Posted: 30 May 2010 08:00 AM PDT

When products don't easily fit into our goals, we experience conflict. According to a new study, conflicted consumers are easily swayed by unwanted influences.

New species of invertebrates discovered in the Antarctic

Posted: 30 May 2010 02:00 AM PDT

On board the German oceanographic ship and through various expeditions carried out between 1996 and 2008, two scientists have discovered six new gorgonia (colonial marine invertebrates made up of tubular bodied polyps with eight tentacles) in the Antarctic region, in the Eastern Weddell Sea. These discoveries reveal the great diversity of the Antarctic that is still unknown.

Antiretroviral therapy associated with decreased risk of HIV transmission

Posted: 30 May 2010 02:00 AM PDT

Researchers have found that treating HIV-infected persons with antiretroviral therapy reduces HIV transmission to their sexual partners by more than 90 percent.

The great pond experiment: Pond communities bear a lasting imprint of random events in their past

Posted: 30 May 2010 02:00 AM PDT

A seven-year experiment shows that pond communities bear the imprint of random events in their past, such as the order in which species were introduced into the ponds. This finding locates one of the wellsprings of biodiversity but also suggests that it may not be possible to restore ecosystems whose history we cannot recreate.

When helper cells aren't helpful

Posted: 30 May 2010 02:00 AM PDT

Current research suggests that T helper-type 1 cells, previously thought to mediate autoimmunity, may actual inhibit the development of experimental immune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, by suppressing Th17 cells.

Precise trace gas analysis, without the noise

Posted: 30 May 2010 02:00 AM PDT

Analyzing trace atmospheric gases can now be considerably more precise with the help of a device that delivers stable and reliable power to the lasers used in gas sensors.

Tobacco industry influence on health policy detailed

Posted: 30 May 2010 02:00 AM PDT

The wide reach of the tobacco industry and its influence on young people, military veterans and national health-care reform has been detailed in three new studies.

Saturday, May 29, 2010

ScienceDaily: Latest Science News

ScienceDaily: Latest Science News


First horned dinosaur from Mexico: Plant-eater had largest horns of any dinosaur

Posted: 29 May 2010 02:00 PM PDT

A new species of horned dinosaur unearthed in Mexico has larger horns that any other species -- up to 4 feet long -- and has given scientists fresh insights into the ancient history of western North America, according to paleontologists.

Experimental treatment protects monkeys from lethal Ebola virus post-exposure

Posted: 29 May 2010 02:00 PM PDT

Scientists using tiny particles of genetic material to interfere in the replication process of the deadly Ebola virus have successfully prevented monkeys exposed to that virus from dying of hemorrhagic fever. The proof-of-concept study suggests that such protection also should be possible in humans.

Snails on methamphetamine: Memories formed by snails under influence of meth are harder to forget

Posted: 29 May 2010 02:00 PM PDT

Crystal meth (methamphetamine) is a highly addictive drug, which improves memory, but once hooked, addicts find the habit hard to break. One researcher wondered whether she could learn more about the effects of meth by studying the effect it has pond snail's memories. She found that memories formed by snails under the influence of meth are harder to forget and could help us understand human addiction.

Novel protein essential for successful pregnancy

Posted: 29 May 2010 02:00 PM PDT

Researchers have helped clarify the function of a unique protein called preimplantation factor, which is produced by healthy embryos to direct embryo attachment and help the mother adapt to pregnancy.

Improved carbon sponges to strip carbon dioxide from power plant exhausts

Posted: 29 May 2010 02:00 PM PDT

A new class of materials with a record-shattering internal surface area may have the right stuff to efficiently strip carbon dioxide from a power plant's exhaust.

Researcher decodes Rembrandt's 'magic'

Posted: 29 May 2010 02:00 PM PDT

A researcher using computer-rendering programs has uncovered what makes Rembrandt's masterful portraits so appealing. Rembrandt may have pioneered a technique that guides the viewer's gaze around a portrait, creating a special narrative and "calmer" viewing experience.

Clue to origin of Milky Way gas clouds discovered

Posted: 29 May 2010 08:00 AM PDT

A study of hydrogen gas clouds in two different regions of the Milky Way shows that they are much more abundant above areas of intense star formation, indicating they are blown away from the Galaxy's plane by stellar winds and supernova explosions.

Cold sore virus may contribute to cognitive and brain abnormalities in schizophrenia

Posted: 29 May 2010 08:00 AM PDT

Exposure to the common virus that causes cold sores may be partially responsible for shrinking regions of the brain and the loss of concentration skills, memory, coordinated movement and dexterity widely seen in patients with schizophrenia, according to research led by Johns Hopkins scientists.

Deep subduction of the Indian continental crust beneath Asia

Posted: 29 May 2010 08:00 AM PDT

Geological investigations in the Himalayas have revealed evidence that when India and Asia collided some 90 million years ago, the continental crust of the Indian tectonic plate was forced down under the Asian plate, sinking down into the Earth's mantle to a depth of at least 200 km.

Cut the salt and ditch the drugs: Controlling blood pressure in dialysis patients

Posted: 29 May 2010 08:00 AM PDT

For kidney patients trying to control their blood pressure, reducing fluid build-up in the blood is more effective than using antihypertensive medications, according to a new analysis. The research suggests that lowering salt intake may help reduce build-up.

Zeroing in on quantum effects: New materials yield clues about high-temperature superconductors

Posted: 29 May 2010 08:00 AM PDT

US and Chinese physicists are zeroing in on critical effects at the heart of the newest high-temperature superconductors, the family of iron-based compounds called "pnictides." The scientists used similarly structured materials called "oxychalcogenides" to investigate the effect of expanding the distance between iron atoms in the crystal lattice.

Empathy: College students don't have as much as they used to, study finds

Posted: 29 May 2010 08:00 AM PDT

Today's college students are not as empathetic as college students of the 1980s and '90s, a new study shows.

How do bumblebees get predators to buzz off?

Posted: 29 May 2010 02:00 AM PDT

Toxic or venomous animals, like bumblebees, are often brightly colored to tell would-be predators to keep away. However scientists in the UK have found a bumblebee's defense could extend further than its distinctive color pattern and may indeed be linked to their characteristic shape, flight pattern or buzzing sound.

Dieting alone may not help stave off type 2 diabetes; muscle mass, strength important

Posted: 29 May 2010 02:00 AM PDT

Sarcopenia -- low skeletal muscle mass and strength -- was associated with insulin resistance in both obese and non-obese individuals. It was also associated with high blood-sugar levels in obese people but not in thin people. These associations were stronger in people under age 60, in whom sarcopenia was associated with high levels of blood sugar in both obese and thin people, and with diabetes in obese individuals.

Experts gather as volcanic dust settles

Posted: 29 May 2010 02:00 AM PDT

Following the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajoekull volcano that spewed huge amounts of ash and grounded numerous flights, more than 50 experts from around the world gathered at a workshop organized by ESA and EUMETSAT to discuss what has been learned and identify future opportunities for volcanic ash monitoring.

Genetic research shows degeneration in aging worm

Posted: 29 May 2010 02:00 AM PDT

Genetic research focusing on the soil nematode C. elegans has generated fundamental new insights into the way in which these tiny worms age. During the aging process, the activity of the worm's genes gradually becomes more turbulent and gene regulation declines. Because degenerative processes in worms and humans are similar, the research results offer clues for the prevention and medication of geriatric diseases.

Genome comparison tools found to be susceptible to slip-ups

Posted: 29 May 2010 02:00 AM PDT

Tools used to align genomes from different species have serious quality-control issues, according to a new study.

Many with HIV start care too late

Posted: 29 May 2010 02:00 AM PDT

Despite growing evidence that the earlier people are diagnosed with HIV and get access to care, the better their clinical outcomes, many HIV-infected people in the United States and Canada are not receiving the care they need early enough.

'Law-like' mathematical patterns in human preference behavior discovered

Posted: 28 May 2010 05:00 PM PDT

Scientists have found mathematical patterns underlying the way individuals unconsciously distribute their preferences regarding approaching or avoiding objects in their environment. These patterns appear to meet the strict criteria used to determine whether something is a scientific law and, if confirmed in future studies, could potentially be used to guide diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders.

Toward a useful quantum computer: Researchers design and test microfabricated planar ion traps

Posted: 28 May 2010 05:00 PM PDT

Researchers are designing, fabricating and testing planar ion traps that can be more readily combined into large, interconnected trap arrays. In the future, these arrays may be used to create a useful quantum computer.

Light shed on deadly GI disease in infants born with complex congenital heart disease

Posted: 28 May 2010 05:00 PM PDT

Infants born with complex congenital heart disease are not only at risk for serious heart-related complications, but also for developing a deadly bowel disease, regardless of the type of surgical intervention they receive for their heart.

Novel 'cuckoo search algorithm' beats particle swarm optimization in engineering design

Posted: 28 May 2010 05:00 PM PDT

The familiar early summer call of the cuckoo has inspired composer and poet alike, but the sound belies the bird's true parasitic nature. Now, researchers have taken the cuckoo's wont to deposit its eggs in the nests of other birds as inspiration for a new approach to engineering design.

Shoplifting linked to unpleasant personality

Posted: 28 May 2010 05:00 PM PDT

Psychologists have identified dimensions of personality seen in persons prone to shoplifting. Three characteristics in his study stood out: Being male; unpleasant and antisocial; and disorganized and unreliable.

Planetary scientists solve 40-year-old mysteries of Mars' northern ice cap

Posted: 28 May 2010 02:00 PM PDT

Scientists have reconstructed the formation of two curious features in the northern ice cap of Mars -- a chasm larger than the Grand Canyon and a series of spiral troughs -- solving a pair of mysteries dating back four decades while finding new evidence of climate change on Mars.

Modified measles virus shows potential for treating childhood brain tumors

Posted: 28 May 2010 02:00 PM PDT

The use of modified measles virus may represent a new treatment for a childhood brain tumor known as medulloblastoma, according to a new study.

Little-known mouth fluid may lead to test for gum disease

Posted: 28 May 2010 02:00 PM PDT

A little-known fluid produced in tiny amounts in the gums, those tough pink tissues that hold the teeth in place, has become a hot topic for scientists trying to develop an early, noninvasive test for gum disease, the No. 1 cause of tooth loss in adults. It's gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), produced at the rate of millionths of a quart per tooth.

Slow-release NSAIDs pose greater risk of GI bleeding, study finds

Posted: 28 May 2010 02:00 PM PDT

The risk of gastrointestinal complications due to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use varies by specific NSAID administered and by dosage, according to new research. The study further determined that NSAIDs with a long half-life or slow-release formulation are associated with a greater risk of GI bleeding or perforation.

Electric supercar team aims for UK first in lead-up to world record attempt across the Americas

Posted: 28 May 2010 02:00 PM PDT

Students driving an electric supercar are attempting to be the first to drive an all-electric vehicle around the M25 twice on one battery charge, in the lead-up to the team's attempt to cross the Americas in July this year and break a world record.

Deep voice of alpha male: Rival's masculine voice not enough to challenge a man's dominance

Posted: 28 May 2010 02:00 PM PDT

Men with a deep, masculine voice are seen as more dominant by other men but a man's own dominance - perceived or actual - does not affect how attentive he is to his rivals' voices. His own dominance does however influence how he rates his competitors' dominance: the more dominant he thinks he is, the less dominant he rates his rival's voice, according to new research.

If you don't brush your teeth twice a day, you're more likely to develop heart disease, study finds

Posted: 28 May 2010 11:00 AM PDT

Individuals who have poor oral hygiene have an increased risk of heart disease compared to those who brush their teeth twice a day, finds new research.