ScienceDaily: Latest Science News

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• First molars provide insight into evolution of great apes, humans
• Disinfectants may promote growth of superbugs
• How calorie-restricted diets fight obesity and extend life span
• Exposure to tobacco smoke in childhood home associated with early emphysema in adulthood
• Molecular chaperone keeps bacterial proteins from slow-dancing to destruction
• Lighting can influence how wine tastes
• Superatoms mimic elements: Research gives new perspective on periodic table
• 'Fountain of youth' for stem cells?
• Mystery solved: How fine particulates are formed in the air
• Enzyme necessary for development of healthy immune system
• Divide and conquer: Splitting fluorescent protein helps image clusters in live cells
• There may be a 'party' in your genes
• Cockroaches offer inspiration for running robots
• Citrus surprise: Vitamin C boosts the reprogramming of adult cells into stem cells
• Schizophrenia mouse model should improve understanding and treatment of the disorder
• Dispatcher-assisted bystander CPR best choice for possible cardiac arrest signs
• Climate Wizard makes large databases of climate information visual, accessible
• Accurate taste perception relies on a properly functioning olfactory system
• Seeing without looking: Brain structure crucial for moving the mind's spotlight
• Alzheimer's Disease: Amyloid Precursor Protein -- Good, Bad Or Both?
• Researchers design a tool to induce controlled suicide in human cells
• Relatives of boys with sexual birth defects not at risk for testicular germ cell cancer
• Study links real-time data to flu vaccine strategies
• Modernizing the treatment of sexual dysfunction in men
• Scientists isolate new antifreeze molecule in Alaska beetle
• Afib Triggered By A Cell That Resembles A Pigment-producing Skin Cell
• Deep sea anchors for offshore installations
• RORalpha, the orchestrator of neuron protection
• Researchers develop drug information interface to save lives
• Football (soccer) fights depression
• Why some continue to eat when full: Researchers find clues
• One step closer to closure: Neuroscientists discover key to spinal cord defects
• Seeing how evolutionary mechanisms yield biological diversity
• Genetic causes identified for disturbances in lipid metabolism; implications for diabetes
• Adjusting acidity with impunity
• Couples are better able to cope with health shocks than singles, study finds

First molars provide insight into evolution of great apes, humans Posted: 29 Dec 2009 11:00 AM PST Scientists have gained new insights into the timing of molar emergence and its relation to growth and reproduction in apes. "We can use the same techniques to calculate ages at first molar emergence from the fossils of early hominids that just happened to die while their first molars were erupting," researchers report.

Disinfectants may promote growth of superbugs Posted: 29 Dec 2009 11:00 AM PST Using disinfectants could cause bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics as well as the disinfectant itself, according to new research. The findings could have important implications for how the spread of infection is managed in hospital settings.

How calorie-restricted diets fight obesity and extend life span Posted: 29 Dec 2009 11:00 AM PST Scientists searching for the secrets of how calorie-restricted diets increase longevity are reporting discovery of proteins in the fat cells of human volunteers that change as pounds drop off. The proteins could become markers for monitoring or boosting the effectiveness of calorie-restricted diets -- the only scientifically proven way of extending life span in animals.

Exposure to tobacco smoke in childhood home associated with early emphysema in adulthood Posted: 29 Dec 2009 11:00 AM PST Children regularly exposed to tobacco smoke at home were more likely to develop early emphysema in adulthood. The finding suggests that the lungs may not recover completely from the effects of early-life exposures to tobacco smoke.

Molecular chaperone keeps bacterial proteins from slow-dancing to destruction Posted: 29 Dec 2009 11:00 AM PST Just like teenagers at a prom, proteins are tended by chaperones whose job it is to prevent unwanted interactions among immature clients. And at the molecular level, just as at the high school gym level, it's a job that usually requires a lot of energy.

Lighting can influence how wine tastes Posted: 29 Dec 2009 11:00 AM PST Researchers demonstrate that the color of ambient lighting can have an effect on how a wine is judged.

Superatoms mimic elements: Research gives new perspective on periodic table Posted: 29 Dec 2009 08:00 AM PST Researchers have shown that certain combinations of elemental atoms have electronic signatures that mimic the electronic signatures of other elements. The findings could lead to much cheaper materials for widespread applications such as new sources of energy, methods of pollution abatement, and catalysts on which industrial nations depend heavily for chemical processing.

'Fountain of youth' for stem cells? Posted: 29 Dec 2009 08:00 AM PST Stems cells used for transplantation in the nervous system to provide neural regeneration are fragile, but can be kept "forever young" during implantation through the use of self-assembling nanofiber scaffolds (SAPNS), a nanotechnology application for implanting young cells. By manipulating cell density and SAPNS concentration, researchers used SAPNS as templates and guides to slow cell growth, differentiation and proliferation, thereby creating a protective nanoenvironment for a variety of neural cells destined for implantation.

Mystery solved: How fine particulates are formed in the air Posted: 29 Dec 2009 08:00 AM PST Particulates make us ill, and particulates affect the climate. The direct combustion of wood and other fuels is only partially responsible for producing fine particulates – the rest evolve from a variety of substances, within the atmosphere itself.

Enzyme necessary for development of healthy immune system Posted: 29 Dec 2009 08:00 AM PST Mice without the deoxycytidine kinase enzyme have defects in their adaptive immune system, producing very low levels of both T and B lymphocytes, the major players involved in immune response, according to a new study.

Divide and conquer: Splitting fluorescent protein helps image clusters in live cells Posted: 29 Dec 2009 08:00 AM PST Half a protein is better than none, and in this case, it's way better than a whole one. Researchers have discovered that dividing a particular fluorescent protein and using it as a tag is handy for analyzing the workings of live cells, particularly in the way they employ iron-sulfur clusters.

There may be a 'party' in your genes Posted: 29 Dec 2009 08:00 AM PST Genetics play a pivotal role in shaping how individual's identify with political parties , according to new research.

Cockroaches offer inspiration for running robots Posted: 29 Dec 2009 05:00 AM PST The sight of a cockroach scurrying for cover may be nauseating, but the insect is also a biological and engineering marvel, and is providing researchers with what they call "bioinspiration" in a quest to build the world's first legged robot that is capable of running effortlessly over rough terrain.

Citrus surprise: Vitamin C boosts the reprogramming of adult cells into stem cells Posted: 29 Dec 2009 05:00 AM PST Famous for its antioxidant properties and role in tissue repair, vitamin C is touted as beneficial for illnesses ranging from the common cold to cancer and perhaps even for slowing the aging process. Now, a new study uncovers an unexpected new role for this natural compound: facilitating the generation of embryonic-like stem cells from adult cells.

Schizophrenia mouse model should improve understanding and treatment of the disorder Posted: 29 Dec 2009 05:00 AM PST Scientists have created what appears to be a schizophrenic mouse by reducing the inhibition of brain cells involved in complex reasoning and decisions about appropriate social behavior.

Dispatcher-assisted bystander CPR best choice for possible cardiac arrest signs Posted: 29 Dec 2009 05:00 AM PST Dispatchers should give CPR instructions to bystanders of all suspected cardiac arrest victims, researchers said. The benefit of CPR to those having a cardiac arrest far outweighs the risk of injury to those who aren't. During 9-1-1 calls, dispatchers help bystanders correctly identify patients in cardiac arrest about half the time. Of 1,700 patients studied, three who incorrectly received CPR had minor injuries linked to chest compressions.

Climate Wizard makes large databases of climate information visual, accessible Posted: 29 Dec 2009 05:00 AM PST A Web tool that generates color maps of projected temperature and precipitation changes using 16 of the world's most prominent climate-change models is being demonstrated in Copenhagen, Denmark, in conjunction with the climate summit underway there. It also is the subject of a presentation Tuesday, Dec. 15, at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco.

Accurate taste perception relies on a properly functioning olfactory system Posted: 29 Dec 2009 05:00 AM PST As anyone suffering through a head cold knows, food tastes wrong when the nose is clogged, an experience that leads many to conclude that the sense of taste operates normally only when the olfactory system is also in good working order. Evidence that the taste system influences olfactory perception, however, has been vanishingly rare -- until now.

Seeing without looking: Brain structure crucial for moving the mind's spotlight Posted: 29 Dec 2009 02:00 AM PST Like a spotlight that illuminates an otherwise dark scene, attention brings to mind specific details of our environment while shutting others out. A new study shows that the superior colliculus, a brain structure that primarily had been known for its role in the control of eye and head movements, is crucial for moving the mind's spotlight.

Alzheimer's Disease: Amyloid Precursor Protein -- Good, Bad Or Both? Posted: 29 Dec 2009 02:00 AM PST New data about amyloid precursor protein, or APP, a protein implicated in development of Alzheimer's disease, suggests it also may have a positive role -- directly affecting learning and memory during brain development. So is APP good or bad? Researchers say both, and that a balance of APP is critical.

Researchers design a tool to induce controlled suicide in human cells Posted: 29 Dec 2009 02:00 AM PST Researchers in Spain have designed a new tool to study rescue signaling pathways and cell suicide in depth.

Relatives of boys with sexual birth defects not at risk for testicular germ cell cancer Posted: 29 Dec 2009 02:00 AM PST Boys with the sexual birth defects known as hypospadias and cryptorchidism are at risk for developing testicular germ cell cancer, but their relatives are not, according to a new study.

Study links real-time data to flu vaccine strategies Posted: 29 Dec 2009 02:00 AM PST Adaptive vaccination strategies, based on age patterns of hospitalizations and deaths monitored in real-time during the early stages of a pandemic, outperform seasonal influenza vaccination allocation strategies, according to a new article.

Modernizing the treatment of sexual dysfunction in men Posted: 29 Dec 2009 02:00 AM PST Modern, couple-oriented treatment for male sexual dysfunction takes the psychosocial aspects of sex into account, as well as focusing on the purely physical aspects of the problem.

Scientists isolate new antifreeze molecule in Alaska beetle Posted: 28 Dec 2009 11:00 PM PST Scientists have identified a novel antifreeze molecule in a freeze-tolerant Alaska beetle able to survive temperatures below minus 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Unlike all previously described biological antifreezes that contain protein, this new molecule, called xylomannan, has little or no protein. It is composed of a sugar and a fatty acid and may exist in new places within the cells of organisms.

Afib Triggered By A Cell That Resembles A Pigment-producing Skin Cell Posted: 28 Dec 2009 11:00 PM PST The source and mechanisms underlying the abnormal heart beats that initiate atrial fibrillation (Afib), the most common type of abnormal heart beat, have not been well determined. Researchers have now identified a population of cells that are like pigment-producing cells in the skin in the atria of the heart and pulmonary veins of mice and humans, and uncovered evidence in mice that these cells contribute to Afib.

Deep sea anchors for offshore installations Posted: 28 Dec 2009 11:00 PM PST A 13 meter-long, 80-ton anchor is currently being tested as a new mooring concept for offshore installations.

RORalpha, the orchestrator of neuron protection Posted: 28 Dec 2009 11:00 PM PST How do the brain cells called astrocytes ensure the protection of neurons? By studying the protagonists in the protection and satisfactory functioning of neurons, scientists have found a mechanism that clarifies the role of astrocytes. Crucial to this mechanism, RORalpha protein is revealed as an essential regulator of inflammatory factors. This discovery constitutes a new path for research on novel drugs in the event of cerebral lesions (e.g. neurodegenerative diseases or trauma).

Researchers develop drug information interface to save lives Posted: 28 Dec 2009 11:00 PM PST A new drug information interface system has been shown to help in dealing with visual and motor impairments, which can make sorting, holding and identifying pills a challenge as we age.

Football (soccer) fights depression Posted: 28 Dec 2009 11:00 PM PST Despite being a significant risk group, young men are amongst those least likely to seek professional help when mentally distressed or suicidal. The 'Back of the Net' program, a pilot initiative using football (called soccer in the U.S.) and cognitive behavioral based techniques was effective in decreasing symptoms of depression in young men.

Why some continue to eat when full: Researchers find clues Posted: 28 Dec 2009 02:00 PM PST New research in mice suggest that ghrelin might also work in the brain to make some people keep eating "pleasurable" foods when they're already full.

One step closer to closure: Neuroscientists discover key to spinal cord defects Posted: 28 Dec 2009 02:00 PM PST Spinal cord disorders like spina bifida arise during early development when future spinal cord cells growing in a flat layer fail to roll up into a tube. Researchers now report a never-before known link between protein transport and mouse spinal cord development, a discovery that opens new doors for research on all spinal defects.

Seeing how evolutionary mechanisms yield biological diversity Posted: 28 Dec 2009 02:00 PM PST A international team of scientists has discovered how changes in both gene expression and gene sequence led to the diversity of visual systems in African cichlid fish.

Genetic causes identified for disturbances in lipid metabolism; implications for diabetes Posted: 28 Dec 2009 02:00 PM PST Scientists have identified new gene variants associated with disturbances in the lipid metabolism. Some of these common human gene variants are already known to be risk factors for diabetes mellitus.

Adjusting acidity with impunity Posted: 28 Dec 2009 02:00 PM PST How do individual cells or proteins react to changing pH levels? Researchers have now developed a technique for 'gently' adjusting pH: in other words, without damaging biomolecules. This should soon allow them to measure the activity of a single enzyme as a function of pH.

Couples are better able to cope with health shocks than singles, study finds Posted: 28 Dec 2009 02:00 PM PST Marital status plays a significant role in how individuals cope economically with disability and health shocks, according to new research.

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ScienceDaily: Latest Science News

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• Ladder-walking locusts use vision to climb, show big brains aren't always best
• Microbes help mothers protect kids from allergies
• As the world churns: Earth's liquid outer core is slowly 'stirred' in a series of decades-long waves
• Miss whiplash with locking headrest, study suggests
• Protein that keeps stem cells poised for action identified
• Of girls and geeks: Environment may be why women don't like computer science
• Neuroscientists store information in isolated brain tissue; possible basis of short-term memory
• 'Self-seeding' of cancer cells may play a critical role in tumor progression
• Genetic predeterminants for diabetes in African-Americans identified
• A mechanical model of vocalization
• Whiteflies sabotage alarm system of plant in distress
• Seeing family for the holidays? Scientists discover how the stress might kill you
• Giant planet set for cataclysmic show
• New agent for some drug-resistant non-small cell lung cancers
• Some birds listen, instead of look, for mates
• Five exercises can reduce neck, shoulder pain of women office workers
• Scientists argue for a new type of climate target
• Aviation-based team training may influence clinicians' safety behaviors
• Women tend to have better sense of touch due to smaller finger size
• High-blood-pressure treatment for the over-80s too aggressive, warns expert
• Spider Mite Predators Serve As Biological Control
• Drug for Alzheimer's disease does not appear to slow cognitive decline
• How can evolutionary responses to climate change be measured?
• Physician-assisted suicide: A perspective from advocates for people with disability
• Orchids' sexual trickery explained: Leads to more efficient pollinating system
• Modifying Neural Stem Cells Improves Their Therapeutic Efficacy
• Phragmites partners with microbes to plot native plants' demise
• Antibiotic unsuccessful in preventing preterm labor
• Wet Ethanol Production Process Yields More Ethanol And More Co-products
• How Differing Asian Cultures And Attitudes Impact Cancer Screening Rates

Ladder-walking locusts use vision to climb, show big brains aren't always best Posted: 28 Dec 2009 11:00 AM PST Scientists have shown for the first time that insects, like mammals, use vision rather than touch to find footholds. They made the discovery thanks to high-speed video cameras that they used to film desert locusts stepping along the rungs of a miniature ladder. The study sheds new light on insects' ability to perform complex tasks, such as visually guided limb control, usually associated with mammals.

Microbes help mothers protect kids from allergies Posted: 28 Dec 2009 11:00 AM PST A pregnant woman's exposure to microbes may protect her child from developing allergies later in life. Researchers in Germany find that exposure to environmental bacteria triggers a mild inflammatory response in pregnant mice that renders their offspring resistant to allergies.

As the world churns: Earth's liquid outer core is slowly 'stirred' in a series of decades-long waves Posted: 28 Dec 2009 11:00 AM PST A new study confirms theories that Earth's liquid outer core is slowly "stirred" in a series of regularly occurring waves of motion that last for decades. Measurements of Earth's magnetic field from observatory stations on land and ships at sea were combined with satellite data to determine common patterns of movement within Earth's core. The findings give scientists new insights into Earth's internal structure, the mechanisms that generate its magnetic field, and its geology.

Miss whiplash with locking headrest, study suggests Posted: 28 Dec 2009 11:00 AM PST Whiplash neck injuries among drivers and their passengers who have been shunted from behind are a major cause of long-term health problems and, in extreme cases, death. A new type of vehicle headrest promises to improve both safety and comfort.

Protein that keeps stem cells poised for action identified Posted: 28 Dec 2009 11:00 AM PST Researchers have now identified a critical component, called Jarid2, of this delicate balancing act -- one that both recruits other regulatory proteins to genes important in differentiation and also modulates their activity to keep them in a state of ongoing readiness.

Of girls and geeks: Environment may be why women don't like computer science Posted: 28 Dec 2009 11:00 AM PST In real estate, it's location, location, location. And when it comes to why girls and women shy away from careers in computer science, a key reason is environment, environment, environment.

Neuroscientists store information in isolated brain tissue; possible basis of short-term memory Posted: 28 Dec 2009 08:00 AM PST For the first time, neuroscientists have created stimulus-specific sustained activity patterns in brain circuits maintained in vitro.

'Self-seeding' of cancer cells may play a critical role in tumor progression Posted: 28 Dec 2009 08:00 AM PST Cancer progression is commonly thought of as a process involving the growth of a primary tumor followed by metastasis, in which cancer cells leave the primary tumor and spread to distant organs. A new study shows that circulating tumor cells -- cancer cells that break away from a primary tumor and disseminate to other areas of the body -- can also return to and grow in their tumor of origin, a newly discovered process called "self-seeding."

Genetic predeterminants for diabetes in African-Americans identified Posted: 28 Dec 2009 08:00 AM PST Researchers say a recent discovery suggests that inherited genetic variations exist between whites and blacks living in the US, leading to less efficient metabolism of glucose and predisposition to diabetes in blacks.

A mechanical model of vocalization Posted: 28 Dec 2009 08:00 AM PST When people speak, sing or shout, they produce sound by pushing air over their vocal folds -- bits of muscle and tissue that manipulate the air flow and vibrate within it. When someone has polyps or some other problem with their vocal folds, the airflow can be altered, affecting the sound production.

Whiteflies sabotage alarm system of plant in distress Posted: 28 Dec 2009 08:00 AM PST When spider mites attack a bean plant, the plant produces odors attracting predatory mites. These mites then exterminate the spider mite population, thus acting as a type of "bodyguard" for the plant. However, if the plant is simultaneously attacked by whiteflies, insects that are related to aphids, the plant becomes less attractive to the mites and therefore more vulnerable to spider mites, say entomologists.

Seeing family for the holidays? Scientists discover how the stress might kill you Posted: 28 Dec 2009 08:00 AM PST If you ever thought the stress of seeing your extended family over the holidays was slowly killing you -- bad news: a new study shows that you might be right. Here's the good news: results from the same study might lead to entirely new treatments that help keep autoimmune diseases like lupus, arthritis, and eczema under control.

Giant planet set for cataclysmic show Posted: 28 Dec 2009 05:00 AM PST A team of Chinese astronomers has discovered a giant planet close to the exotic binary star system QS Virginis. Although dormant now, in the future the two stars will one day erupt in a violent nova outburst.

New agent for some drug-resistant non-small cell lung cancers Posted: 28 Dec 2009 05:00 AM PST Scientists have discovered a compound capable of halting a common type of drug-resistant lung cancer. The researchers report that non-small cell lung cancers that had become invulnerable to the drugs Iressa and Tarceva were stymied by a new compound. The compound (WZ4002), whose basic chemical framework is different from that of other cancer drugs, acts against an epidermal growth factor receptor kinase that carries a specific structural defect.

Some birds listen, instead of look, for mates Posted: 28 Dec 2009 05:00 AM PST Looks can be deceiving, but certain bird species have figured out that a voice can tell them most of what they need to know to find the right mate. Researchers found that the higher the pitch of a male bird's song, the more genetic diversity that bird has, making him a better mate for breeding.

Five exercises can reduce neck, shoulder pain of women office workers Posted: 28 Dec 2009 05:00 AM PST Strength training exercises using dumbbells can reduce pain and improve function in the trapezius muscle among women suffering trapezius myalgia, a tenderness and tightness in the upper trapezius muscle. The results are the latest findings from an ongoing Danish study aimed at reducing repetitive strain injury caused by office work.

Scientists argue for a new type of climate target Posted: 28 Dec 2009 05:00 AM PST In order to avoid dangerous consequences for the earth's ecosystems, global emissions must peak around 2015, and they need to be cut by half between the peak and 2030, according to new findings.

Aviation-based team training may influence clinicians' safety behaviors Posted: 28 Dec 2009 05:00 AM PST Team training based on protocols originally developed for aviation crews may change safety-related behaviors and contribute to perceptions of empowerment among nurses and other surgical staff, according to a new study.

Women tend to have better sense of touch due to smaller finger size Posted: 28 Dec 2009 02:00 AM PST People who have smaller fingers have a finer sense of touch, according to new research. This finding explains why women tend to have better tactile acuity than men, because women on average have smaller fingers.

High-blood-pressure treatment for the over-80s too aggressive, warns expert Posted: 28 Dec 2009 02:00 AM PST People over 80 years are being treated too aggressively for high blood pressure, warns an expert.

Spider Mite Predators Serve As Biological Control Posted: 28 Dec 2009 02:00 AM PST The control of spider mites, which damage tree leaves, reduce fruit quality and cost growers millions of dollars in the use of pesticide and oil spraying, is being biologically controlled in Pennsylvania apple orchards with two tiny insects known to be natural predators.

Drug for Alzheimer's disease does not appear to slow cognitive decline Posted: 28 Dec 2009 02:00 AM PST Although there were promising results in a phase 2 trial, patients with mild Alzheimer disease who received the drug tarenflurbil as part of a phase 3 trial did not have better outcomes on measures of cognitive decline or loss of activities of daily living compared to patients who received placebo, according to a new study.

How can evolutionary responses to climate change be measured? Posted: 28 Dec 2009 02:00 AM PST As global temperatures continue to rise, scientists are presented with the complex challenge of understanding how species respond and adapt.

Physician-assisted suicide: A perspective from advocates for people with disability Posted: 28 Dec 2009 02:00 AM PST Although public opinion in the US on physician-assisted suicide is evenly divided, about half of states have either defeated bills to legalize assisted suicide or have passed laws explicitly banning it and only two states have legalized it. "A Disability Perspective on the Issue of Physician-Assisted Suicide," a special issue of Disability and Health Journal, examines the issues related to assisted suicide and disability, the legal considerations and the Oregon and Washington experiences.

Orchids' sexual trickery explained: Leads to more efficient pollinating system Posted: 27 Dec 2009 11:00 PM PST A new study reveals the reason why orchids use sexual trickery to lure insect pollinators. The study finds that sexual deception in orchids leads to a more efficient pollinating system.

Modifying Neural Stem Cells Improves Their Therapeutic Efficacy Posted: 27 Dec 2009 11:00 PM PST Stem cells isolated from the brain of adult mice (adult neural stem cells [aNSCs]) have shown very modest therapeutic effects in a mouse model of the chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease multiple sclerosis. But now, researchers have developed an approach to enhance the therapeutic effects of aNSCs in this model of multiple sclerosis, something that they hope might increase the chance that aNSC-based therapies might one day be developed for clinical use.

Phragmites partners with microbes to plot native plants' demise Posted: 27 Dec 2009 11:00 PM PST Researchers have uncovered a novel means of conquest employed by the common reed, Phragmites australis, which ranks as one of the world's most invasive plants.

Antibiotic unsuccessful in preventing preterm labor Posted: 27 Dec 2009 11:00 PM PST Scientists have found that an antibiotic, currently used to treat infections linked to incidences of premature births, does not help reduce the risk of preterm labor.

Wet Ethanol Production Process Yields More Ethanol And More Co-products Posted: 27 Dec 2009 11:00 PM PST Using a wet ethanol production method that begins by soaking corn kernels rather than grinding them, results in more gallons of ethanol and more usable co-products, giving ethanol producers a bigger bang for their buck -- by about 20 percent.

How Differing Asian Cultures And Attitudes Impact Cancer Screening Rates Posted: 27 Dec 2009 11:00 PM PST Asian-Americans have higher instances of certain types of cancer, yet screening rates remain dismal. A new study calls for culturally sensitive materials to stress the importance of early screening, to help close the disparity.

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